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I remember moments.....

Some of the entry may contain academic articles ... and if you are interested in copying or using the articles in this blog, please acknowledge the writer. Thanks so much...... ymrk...since...2007

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Monday, 12 October 2009

Found this article........



Komentar Mengenai Teori Psikoanalisis
Oleh: Raja Kamariah Raja Mohd Khalid



Psikoanalisis telah diasaskan oleh seorang ahli neurologis Sigmund Freud. Walaupun pada dasarnya Freud adalah ahli neurologis namun, kebanyakkan sumbangannya terhadap bidang psikologi adalah lebih menjurus kepada minda bawah sedar, khayalan, imaginasi, termasuklah mimpi. Freud turut memberi penekanan mengenai personaliti manusia yang didorong oleh nafsu (libido) dan menggunakannya sebagai ’mekanisma membela diri’ (defense mechanism).
Pada pendirian Freud, masalah manusia berpunca daripada ketidakgembiraan yang mungkin datang dari diri sendiri dan hubungan luaran dengan orang lain. Apabila membincangkan tentang ketidakgembiraan dengan diri sendiri, Freud kemudiannya telah menyenaraikan aspek perkembangan manusia (psychosexual development). Di sini Freud telah menerangkan isu-isu kritikal manusia mengikut peringkat umur. Manakala apabila membincangkan tentang ketidakgembiraan dengan hubungan luaran dengan orang lain, Freud telah menerangkan tentang aspek perkembangan moral (moral development) yang menerangkan aspek id,edo dan superego manusia. Keutamaan yang diletakkan oleh Freud dalam kehidupan ini adalah mencari kebahagiaan dan lantaran itu, Freud telah juga menyatakan prinsip-prinsip keseronokkan (pleasure principle) di dalam teori psikoanalisisnya.

Secara umumnya, Freud dan teori psikoanalisisnya turut memberi penerangan mengenai personaliti manusia melalui perkembangan diri serta sosial. Apabila membincangkan tentang manusia, Freud banyak menggunakan minda sebagai alat (tool) di dalam proses membantu manusia untuk melakukan perubahan dalam kehidupannya.

Di dalam proses membantu manusia, Freud percaya minda bawah sedar banyak memainkan peranan. Freud juga mendapati, apabila klien berada di dalam keadaan yang tenang (lying on a couch), ia membolehkan klien meluahkan apa yang terbuku di dalam minda bawah sedar. Oleh itu, Freud menggunakan kaedah seperti hipnosis, analisa mimpi dan juga ’tersasul’ (slip of tongue) untuk memahami masalah yang berlaku di dalam diri seseorang. Ia adalah sebahagian daripada kaedah untuk menyedarkan minda di bawah sedar (to make unconscious conscious). Menurut Freud, apabila seseorang itu berjaya meluahkan apa jua yang terpendam, sebahagian daripada masalahnya akan selesai.

Secara peribadi, saya berpendapat Freud telah mengupas sedikit sebanyak rahsia mengenai manusia, terutamanya mengenai minda di bawah sedar. Walaupun sukar untuk membuktikannya secara saintifik mengenai kenyataan beliau, namun ia sedikit sebanyak memberi ruang kepada kita untuk memikirkan tentang kewujudan sebenar mengenai minda di bawah sedar terutamanya di dalam kaunseling.

Teori ’ice-berg’ yang digunakan oleh Freud saya kira digunakan sehingga kini untuk menerangkan tentang perasaan/emosi manusia apabila berhadapan dengan masalah. Apa yang dilihat, hanyalah di bahagian atas (tips of the ice-berg). Maka ini adalah sesuatu yang positif dan boleh diamalkan oleh kaunselor.

Saya juga tertarik dengan teknik-teknik yang digunakan oleh Freud di dalam membantu kliennya. Banyak teknik telah berkembang dari pandangan Freud ini. Sebagai contoh, teknik visualisasi, imageri mental dan hipnoterapi banyak digunakan oleh ahli psikologi dan kaunselor dalam membantu klien. Banyak proses perluahan perasaan dan penerokaan boleh berlaku jika kita menggunakan teknik yang diperkenalkan oleh Freud ini. Mungkin sedikit kelemahan dalam teknik ini ialah mengambil masa yang agak lama untuk ’mengizinkan’ klien meluahkan emosi yang terpendam. Ini adalah kerana ia terpulang kepada kesediaan klien untuk meluahkan permasalahan atau isu yang dihadapi.

Freud bukan saja membuka ruang dalam aspek teknik-teknik yang digunakan terhadap kliennya. Bahkan Freud juga menerangkan tentang personaliti manusia yang melihat pada id, ego dan superego. Jika dilihat dari aspek falsafah, mungkin ia wujud dalam diri manusia. Namun, dari segi sains pula, tiada yang dapat dibuktikan dengan kewujudan id, ego dan superego. Di sinilah bermulanya konflik idea yang digunakan oleh Freud dengan pandangan yang lain.
Freud juga telah mengenepikan soal kepercayaan (belief system). Bagi Freud kepercayaan (belief system) adalah sebahagian daripada ’penyakit minda’. Freud mungkin lupa bahwa kepercayaan bukan saja pada agama, tetapi pada fahaman-fahaman tertentu. Freud banyak menekankan tentang kehendak manusia secara fizikal dan biologikal. Mungkin ini adalah disebabkan oleh persekitaran beliau ketika itu. Oleh itu, saya kira Freud tidak begitu sensitif dengan soal silang budaya dan agama.

Tidak kurang juga jika kita lihat pada tahap perkembangan psikoseksual yang dinyatakan oleh Freud. Penerangan yang ditekankan banyak kepada soal kegembiraan, dan keseronokkan. Freud turut melihat perkembangan manusia semata-mata untuk mencapai kebahagian pada aspek nafsu. Maka, bila membincangkan tentang masalah manusia, ia akan berkait dengan ketidakupayaan nafsu seseorang. Persoalan yang masih tidak terjawab oleh pengikut Freud (Freudian) ialah jika seseorang tiada nafsu (tarikan libido) adakah bermakna seseorang itu tidak boleh mencapai kebahagiaan.

Kesimpulannya, saya menghormati Freud sebagai seorang yang berani dan mampu melihat manusia dari sudut yang berbeza. Beliau juga telah membuka minda mereka yang sezaman dengannya mengenai manusia, personaliti dan peranan serta kekuatan minda seseorang. Saya kagum dengan kesungguhan dan ketekunan beliau dalam bidang ini. Walaubagaimanpun, ia tidak bermakna saya bersetuju dengan semua pendirian dan hipotesis beliau mengenai manusia. Kebanyakkan pendapat Freud adalah berasaskan kepada logik dan rasional, serta daripada kacamata beliau sendiri dan beberapa orang rakan dan klien beliau. Terlalu banyak yang boleh kita teroka mengenai teori yang prinsip Freudian ini terutamanya dari aspek kebudayaan setempat, kepercayaan dan situasi yang berbeza.



Friday, 9 October 2009

ADLERIAN THEORY

Adler was born in Vienna from a middle class family. In his family, he was the second and always felt in shadow of his older brother. He came to USA in 1934 and developed so much influence in psychology with his theory.

Adler’s view of human problem is basically on the person’s perception about him/herself. Human being may engage in abnormal behavior because of the sense of protection – to protect his/her opinion of self. When a person has wrong opinion about the self and/or the world, the person may become self-centered rather than other centered. There are three aspects of human being when it comes to the problem:-

i. Inferiority complex
a. When the person is overwhelm by the feeling of inadequacy or hopelessness.


ii. Superiority Complex
a. Very strong opinion of self – argue to personal solutions


iii. Family constellation
a. Mediates the heredity and situational factor that influence the child


iv. Safeguarding
a. Related to fictional goal.

Adler has emphasized the importance of self or ego that may come from interactions and conflicts, motivation and social interaction. Ego is the central core of personality. Adlerian also sees that the cognitive, behavior and effective (emotion) are one entity. Besides that, birth order and sibling relationships are also emphasized. This teach the person to be responsible, creative, coping and make own decision (to choose). Thus, the therapy according to Adler, should involve collaborative partnership to parents, siblings and society.

Adler stressed on the client’s view about the world – it is as a frame of reference (Phenomenological Approach). This theory looks at the present situation and therefore, Adlerian does not look into the past or the unconscious instinct. The most important is how human chooses to responds to the situation – awareness of the present and related to social connectedness.

In order to help a person with problems, Adler emphasized the encouragement is very powerful method to assist the person to change the wrongly perceived belief. Through encouragement, it could help the person to realize the ability to choose and act differently. In the therapy session, the person will explore his/her logic concepts about self, others and lifestyle. Look into the purpose of behavior and learn how to correct faulty assumptions and beliefs.

There are some good aspects / advantages from this theory. Since the therapy aim to establishing the positive relationship with client, it is possible to be used for numerous issues and problems. The psychological dynamics in this theory allows the client to start change and search for other better possibilities. Normally, this theory is well conducted in group work.

However, there are also some disadvantages of this theory. It seems that this theory may only effective if the client is aware, alert and can communicate well. This theory does not lead to any diagnoses.

In the nutshell, this theory more on educating, guiding and giving information to the client who has issues / problems in his/her life so he/she be more responsible for his/her own future, has clear realistic vision and able to make a good choice in life.

Adler believed that the eldest possesed certain personalities that make them outstanding from the other siblings. And me... no more the eldest, because we have the oldest... and of course, she's outstanding from other siblings..... she got her PhD... me, on the way... and brother, you go for Dato' ship lah ya...

Sunday, 4 October 2009

Was there any news?

NLP - Neuro Linguistic Programming is a new technology on human cognitive. I was first introduced the NLP by Dato' Dr Mat Saat Baki somewhere in 1999/2000. From there, I search, read, find out information on NLP until in the year of 2004, I get myself enrolled for Practitioner Course - nearly 2 weeks attended intensive course conducted by Andrew Bryant from Australia (he's from UK) - it was a fantastic course! Hmmm I was the only from Government Sector - I did feel belittled but, I managed myself and make the organization proud (hehehhe - perasan) by protraying good image - excellent time management, brilliant answers/questions, humble participation, speak good english... chewah chewah.... in the year 2005, I attended the same course again with Andrew Bryant, just to accompanying Dato' Dr Ismail Alias and Supt. Mary Yoong.

Then, in the year 2007, I continued to Master Practitioner Course, conducted by Dr William Horton from USA. Another 7 days - I met many of CEOs there and facinated with the commitments given by their organization to invest the HRM in attending courses like this.

Since 1999/2000-2003, I was a silent practitioner of NLP, not until 2004 until today, I am a pragmatic NLPers who applies all the techniques not only in my work, but in my daily life. I presented my own experience with the crowd in seminars, workshops, conventions, etc.

And finally, someone took the initiative to gather all the NLPers and individuals who are interested in NLP. The seminar was the FIRST of its kind - presented in 100% Bahasa Melayu. And me, with lucky number 7 - the only female presenter! chewah chewah.....





Friday, 2 October 2009

Bio-Psy-Shiatsu

Bio-Psy-Shiatsu is a technique on how we could enhance the first element of Emotional Quotient: SELF AWARENESS.
Its practical, easy and handy. I like to use this when I am with my clients or even when I conduct any public presentation.







BE A PRAGMATIC and TRY THIS. You will enjoy the amazing results!

Thursday, 1 October 2009

Now I am Back


Wow... it has been years I have not been updating this blog. Lucky that my brain is still connected with its circuts : I remember the password and username.... hmmm really its a test huh!?
Let me share with you something I got for Bulletin that I was working with. Its about A-Z on Self Building at Office:
A :
Accept.
Terimalah diri anda sebagaimana adanya.
B :
Believe
Percayalah terhadap kemampuan anda untuk meraih apa yang anda inginkan dalam hidup.
C : Care
Pedulilah pada kemampuan anda meraih apa yang anda inginkan dalam hidup.
D : Direct.
Arahkan pikiran pada hal-hal positif yang meningkatkan kepercayaan diri.
E :
Earn
Terimalah penghargaan yang diberi orang lain dengan tetap berusaha menjadiyang terbaik.
F :
Face
Hadapi masalah dengan benar dan yakin.
G :
Go.
Berangkatlah dari kebenaran.
H :
Homework
Pekerjaan rumah adalah langkah penting untuk pengumpulan informasi.
I : Ignore.
Abaikan celaan orang yang menghalangi jalan anda mencapai tujuan.
J :
Jealously
Rasa iri dapat membuat anda tidak menghargai kelebihan anda sendiri
K :
Keep
Terus berusaha walaupun beberapa kali gagal.
L :
Learn
Belajar dari kesalahan dan berusaha untuk tidak mengulanginya.
M : Mind
Perhatikan urusan sendiri dan tidak menyebar gosip tentang orang lain.
N :
Never
Jangan terlibat skandal seks, obat terlarang, dan alkohol.
O :
Observe
Amatilah segala hal di sekeliling anda. Perhatikan, dengarkan, dan belajardari orang lain.
P :
Patience
Sabar adalah kekuatan tak ternilai yang membuat anda terus berusaha.
Q :
Question
Pertanyaan perlu untuk mencari jawaban yang benar dan menambah ilmu.
R :
Respect
Hargai diri sendiri dan juga orang lain.
S :
Self confidence, self esteem, self respect
Percaya diri, harga diri, citra diri, penghormatan diri akan membebaskankita dari saat saat tegang.
T :
Take.
Bertanggung jawab pada setiap tindakan anda.
U :
Understand
Pahami bahwa hidup itu naik turun, namun tak ada yang dapat mengalahkananda.
V :
Value
Nilai diri sendiri dan orang lain, berusahalah melakukan yang terbaik.
W :
Work
Bekerja dengan giat, jangan lupa berdo'a.
X :
X'tra
Usaha lebih keras membawa keberhasilan.
Y :
You
Anda dapat membuat suatu yang berbeda.
Z :
Zero
Usaha nol membawa hasil nol pula.

Saturday, 13 December 2008

Spiritual Psychology : One of my research topics

“Whomsoever knows his Creator, knows himself and whomsoever knows himself knows his Creator” is the understanding of the relationship between science of psychology and religion is concerned. The science of psychology is very unique in which the relationship between spiritual and science may be thoroughly explored.

‘Know his Creator and Know himself’ is a metaphysical assertions and it explains man existence. It also asserts the broadest levels of human conceptions and the remedy for human dilemma, problems or difficulties. In relation to Spiritual Psychology, ‘Sufi psychotherapy’ may play its role. According to Amjal (1986) ‘Sufi psychotherapy’ is made of psychological treatment which is based upon such a metaphysics which employs Islamic traditions. The basic aspects of human being, according some discipline in ‘Sufi psychotherapy’ comprises these three aspects:

i. al ruh (spirit)
ii. al qalb (heart)
iii. al nafs (soul)

In Sufi Psychotherapy, symptoms of the diseases of al ruh, al qalb and al nafs are related to doubt and dissociation – The first is related to alienation from self, from society, from his/her own victory and cultural roots. The latter is when a person is unable to perceive and experience the sacred and the third is the crises of identity.
Al-Ghazali is one of the individuals who practiced this technique. Al-Ghazali’s favourite therapy is based on the integration of action and thinking. Specific guidelines in the Holy Quran that suggests to hold a positive attitude of life, which includes patience, prayer, appealing to Al-Mightly God and trusting Him for His help and assistance.
Self introspection, as a term in psychology, is used in Sufi Psychotherapy and is also known as ‘muhasabah’ – some Sufis have advocated a dialogue with the al-Mighty God every night before going to sleep – verbalizes the weaknesses and ask for forgiveness. This is generally considered as religious duties but yet, has spiritual meaning in psychology. All spiritual activities, particularly the science of Islamic teachings should considered faith as most important in therapeutic process. This will help man to understand the impact of faith will create normal development of his/her relation with The Creator, his/her relation with the nature, his/her socialization and his/her relation with thyself.

Reference:

Ajmal, M. (1986). Muslim contributions to Psychotherapy and other Essays. Islamabad:National Institute of Psychology.

Tuesday, 30 September 2008

CBT? This is my way...

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is used to refer to behavior therapy, cognitive therapy and based on the pragmatic combination of the principles of behavior and cognitive theories. The reason why I choose CBT as my major reference in counseling is that clients will not only able to ‘see’ their problems but they also will learn how conscious thought, beliefs and behavior play a central role in the development and maintenance of emotional distress, health and illness
The processed of CBT are as follows:-

Assessment
Knowledge and understanding of a range of CBT assessments like Beck Inventories.

Formulation
To drive formulations of presenting problems or situations which integrate information from assessments with in a coherent CBT framework based on the theories.

Intervention
Based on the formulation, the counselor will be able to implement therapy/ intervention techniques appropriately to address the presenting problem, psychological and behavioral circumstances.

Evaluation
To implement appropriate methods to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions (NLP, mental imagery, relaxation, solution focused etc)

Elements in CBT Techniques

There are several elements of CBT. This will include the main structure in using CBT techniques that I feel comfortable and easy to use it. During the intake interview, these are the aspects that I (as the counselor) would do:-

Establish Trust and Rapport
Socialize patient into therapy
Educate patient about disorder
Normalize difficulties and instill hope
Elicit expectations for therapy
Gather additional information
Collaboratively develop goal list for therapy

When the session is taken place, I will use certain inventories to help the client to understand the presenting problem. These are the steps that may take in my counseling session:-

Do a mood check (BDI, BAI, BHS)
Update from previous session
Set an agenda
Review Homework
Discuss agenda items
Final summary
Assign Homework
Feedback

In the session(s) I may do some interventions with the client. It could be done in the first session if it is an ‘easy client’. Normally, I will begin the intervention in the second on third session.. Along the sessions, I also will use Mental Status Examination (MSE) to monitor client’s development.

Some of the interventions are:-

Mental Relaxation (for stress, anxiety, depression)

Mental Imagery (for students/employees to excel or hoping for the betterment in their life)

NLP (swish pattern, meta yes/no, circle of excellence, phobia cue etc) Brief overview of session

Hypnotherapy

Other behavior modifications

CBT is also known for its effectiveness in helping clients with many issues. The followings are some of the issues I have tried to my clients using CBT:-

Anxiety & Panic Attacks
Phobias (e.g. agoraphobia, social phobia)
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Depression
Eating problems
General Health problems
Habit problems (e.g. tics)
Anger
Problems associated with a learning disability
Sleep Disorders

It is important that to apply CBT, I have to have high level skills, knowledge and strong ethical values in managing the client. Able to think critically, reflectively and evaluatively are significant in CBT.

The evaluation of the sessions is important for me especially to get the commitment from the client through out the sessions. This can be done through collaborative relationship, preparing them for increased independence from the counseling sessions and discharging the clients from active treatment into a planned follow-up process that lead to more positive and outcome measures. This is indirectly could facilitate and generalize effective change.

In conclusion, I have learnt that CBT is helping me in many ways, as well as my clients. It is aimed to directly target distressing symptoms, re-evaluate thinking and promote behavioral responses of offering problem focused skilled based treatment interventions which are pragmatic, practical and easy.